Compartment Syndrome

What is Compartment Syndrome?

Compartment syndrome is a painful condition that occurs when pressure within the muscles builds to dangerous levels. This pressure can decrease blood flow, which prevents nourishment and oxygen from reaching nerve and muscle cells.

Muscles, nerves, and blood vessels are organized into "compartments" covered by a tough membrane called fascia. Fascia does not stretch easily, so any swelling in a compartment can lead to increased pressure.

Acute vs. Chronic Compartment Syndrome

• Acute Compartment Syndrome: This is a medical emergency usually caused by a severe injury, such as a broken bone. Without prompt surgical treatment to relieve the pressure, it can lead to permanent muscle damage.
• Chronic (Exertional) Compartment Syndrome: This is an exercise-induced condition that causes pain, swelling, and sometimes disability in the affected muscles of your legs or arms. It's common in runners and athletes who participate in sports with repetitive impact.

Symptoms of Chronic Compartment Syndrome

• Aching, burning, or cramping pain in the affected limb (usually the lower leg).
• Tightness in the affected limb.
• Numbness or tingling.
• Weakness of the affected limb.

The pain usually begins soon after you start exercising and progressively worsens until you stop. The pain typically resolves within 15 to 30 minutes after rest.

Management and Treatment

Conservative treatments for chronic compartment syndrome include modifying your training routine, changing your running surface, and physical therapy. Remedial massage can help by reducing muscle tightness and improving fascial mobility, though severe cases may eventually require a surgical procedure called a fasciotomy to release the tight fascia.